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术前观看麻醉相关视频的心理干预对腹腔镜子宫切除术患者手术应激反应的影响

  [摘要] 目的 探讨术前观看麻醉相关视频的心理干预对腹腔镜手术患者应激反应的影响。 方法 选取大连大学附属中山医院2015年9月~2016年4月收治的腹腔镜全子宫切除术患者60例,按照随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组各30例。对照组采用常规麻醉方法,观察组在常规麻醉方法基础上增加术前观看麻醉相关视频的心理干预。采用焦虑自评量表(SAS)比较两组患者术前访视时、麻醉前的焦虑状态。比较麻醉前(T0)、气管插管即刻(T1)、气腹后30 min(T2)白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)的水平以及平均动脉(MAP)和心率(HR)。 结果 术前访视时两组患者SAS评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),麻醉前对照组患者SAS评分升高,与术前访视时比较差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),而观察组患者麻醉前SAS评分降低,与术前访视时比较差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。与T0比较,两组患者T1时刻MAP、HR均升高,T2均下降,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05),且观察组在T0、T1时间点MAP、HR均低于对照组(P < 0.05)。T1、T2时间点两组患者IL-2与T0比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。观察组T0、T1、T2各时间点IL-2均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。T1、T2时间点两组患者IL-6均高于T0,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),且观察组升高幅度明显低于对照组(P < 0.05)。观察组患者T0、T1、T2各时间点IL-6均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。观察组患者满意度(93.33%)高于对照组(73.33%),差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。 结论 麻醉相关视频的术前心理干预可有效降低腹腔镜手术患者的应激水平,提高患者满意度,值得临床推广应用。
  [中?D分类号] R47 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2017)11(b)-0148-04
  [Abstract] Objective To explore the effects of psychological intervention of watching anesthesia-related video on the stress response in patients underwent laparoscopic hysterectomy. Methods Sixty cases of patients underwent laparoscopic hysterectomy from September 2015 to April 2016 in Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University were enrolled as research objects and divided into two groups by random number table, with 30 cases in each group. The control group was given conventional anesthesia and the observation group added with preoperative psychological intervention by watching anesthesia-related video. Self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) was used to evaluate the anxiety status of the patients in preoperative visit and before anesthesia. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) , interleukin-6 (IL-6) , mean blood press (MAP) and the heart rate (HR) were compared at different time points such as before anesthesia induction (T0), endotracheal intubation immediately (T1) and 30 minutes after pneumoperitoneum (T2). Results There was no statistically significant difference in the scores of SAS between the two groups in preoperative visit (P > 0.05). Before anesthesia, the score of SAS in the control group was increased and was higher than that of preoperative visit, with statiscally significant difference (P < 0.05) , and that in the observation group was decreased, with statiscally significant difference compared with that of preoperative visit (P < 0.05). MAP and HR at the time point of T1 were all higher than that of T0 and reduced at T2 in the two groups, with statiscally significant difference (P < 0.05) , and MAP , HR at the time point of T0 and T1 in the observation group were all lower than those of control group, with statiscally significant differences (P < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference of IL-2 at the time point of T1 and T2 compared to T0 in the two groups (P > 0.05) . At the point of T0, T1 and T2, the IL-2 in the observation group were all higher than those of control group, with statiscally significant differences (P < 0.05). At the time poin of T1 and T2, IL-6 were all higher than T0 in the two groups, with statiscally significant differences (P < 0.05), and that in observation group were all lower than those of control group, with statiscally significant differences (P < 0.05). At the time point of T0, T1 and T2, the IL-6 in the observation group were all lower than those of control group, with statiscally significant differences (P < 0.05). The satisfaction rate in the observation group (93.33%) was higher than that of control group (73.33%), with statiscally significant difference (P < 0.05). Conclusion Preoperative psychological intervention by watching anesthesia-related video can effectively reduce the stress level of patients underwent laparoscopic surgery and promote the satisfaction. It is worthy of promotion and application.   在术前麻醉访视中,患者普遍存在焦虑心理。仅依靠麻醉医师的语言解释完成知情同意书的签署仍不能很好地解除患者顾虑[3]。临床多采用音乐、抚触、催眠、心理测验等心理干预,虽能起到缓解紧张状态的作用,但不能消除患者对麻醉手术的顾虑和恐惧。心理应激反应除与外界环境变化有关外,还取决于人对环境变化和生活条件改变的认知与接受能力。假如患者对将要发生的事情有心理准备,则其心理应激反应可能会大大减轻[4-5]。本研究中,通过让观察组患者观看麻醉相关视频对其进行心理干预,配合麻醉医生的耐心解释,揭开了麻醉手术的神秘感,患者的术前焦虑恐惧明显下降[6]。结果显示:与观看视频前相比,观察组患者麻醉前SAS评分明显下降(P < 0.05),未行心理干预的对照组SAS评分升高(P < 0.05)。观察组患者在T0、T1时间点应激反应指标MAP、HR均低于对照组(P < 0.05)。提示术前通过麻醉相关视频的观看,可使患者更直观地理解和认识麻醉及手术过程,调动了患者的主观能动性,减轻了因焦虑情绪导致的机体高应激状态[7-8]。参与本研究的30例观察组患者均对术前观看视频的心理干预方式及麻醉医生的耐心讲解给予了好评,起到了良好的医患沟通作用。
  较高的心理应激水平抑制机体免疫功能,应激、免疫、细胞因子间的内在联系成为目前研究热点。个体可以通过有意识的心理干预积极思考、稳定情绪来减弱应激及免疫抑制反应的强度,增强免疫功能[9]。IL-2是一种在机体免疫应答中重要的细胞因子,主要由Th1细胞产生,是一种免疫上调因子,可刺激T细胞和B细胞增殖,同时IL-2对机体的炎性反应起下调作用,亦是抗炎细胞因子[10-11]。本研究中观察组患者通过观看视频并配合讲解,联合心理干预使患者树立了战胜手术的信心,减轻了恐惧焦虑带来的心理应激反应,增强了机体的免疫功能。各时间点观察组患者IL-2水平明显高于对照组患者(P < 0.05)。但本研究未对术后进行观察,因此IL-2变化趋势未能全面体现,IL-2与机体创伤应激免疫的关系是今后的研究方向。
  细胞因子中同时存在抗炎和促炎因子。而促炎因子以肿瘤坏死因子TNFa、IL-1和IL-6为代表,对炎性反应起上调作用[12]。当内环境稳定时促炎和抗炎反应处于动态平衡中[13]。有专家[14]认为炎性因子IL-6和患者的心理应激相关,是反应心理应激的敏感指标并且对机体不利。同时IL-6作为择期手术中组织损伤严重度的早期指标一直受到极大的关注[15]。术前的恐惧焦虑等心理应激可增加手术创伤的应激,导致了促炎性细胞因子IL-6的急剧上升。本研究中,T1、T2时间点两组患者IL-6均高于T0,且观察组升高幅度明显低于对照组,观察组T0、T1、T2各?r间点IL-6均低于对照组(均P < 0.05)。提示通过术前心理干预降低了患者的心理应激水平,同时也减轻了麻醉手术带来的高应激反应,取得了较好的效果。
  综上所述,术前通过观看麻醉相关视频的心理干预,可以使腹腔镜手术患者直观地认识和理解麻醉及手术过程,减轻了焦虑恐惧带来的应激反应,促进了患者早日康复。同时配合麻醉医师的细心讲解为今后进行良好的医患沟通提供了新的方向。

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